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How to write a financial contract
Implements the theory from 'How to write a financial contract' by S.L Peyton Jones and J-M Eber
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//Implements the theory from 'How to write a financial contract' by S.L Peyton Jones
//and J-M Eber
type RandomVariable<'a> = seq<'a>
type Process<'a> = Process of (seq<RandomVariable<'a>>)
let liftP f (Process(p)) = Process(Seq.map (Seq.map f) p)
let liftP2 f (Process(p1)) (Process(p2)) =
Process(Seq.map2 (Seq.map2 f) p1 p2)
let seq_map3 f xs1 xs2 xs3 =
Seq.zip3 xs1 xs2 xs3 |> Seq.map (fun (a,b,c) -> f a b c)
let liftP3 f (Process(p1)) (Process(p2)) (Process(p3))=
Process(seq_map3 (seq_map3 f) p1 p2 p3)
type Obs<'a when 'a :comparison> = Obs of (float -> Process<'a>)
type Currency =
|USD
|EUR
|JPY
|GBP
type Contract =
| Zero
| One of Currency
| Give of Contract
| And of Contract * Contract
| Or of Contract * Contract
| Scale of float Obs * Contract
| Anytime of bool Obs * Contract
| Cond of bool Obs * Contract * Contract
| When of bool Obs * Contract //<--
| Until of bool Obs * Contract
let when' o c = When(o,c)
let anytime o c = Anytime(o,c)
let rec always x = seq { yield x; yield! always x}
let K x = Process (always (always x))
let konst a = Obs (fun t -> K a)
let scaleK x c = Scale ((konst x), c)
let TempInParis = konst 9.7
let rec generate_time t = seq{ yield always t ; yield! generate_time (t + 1.) }
let date = Obs (fun t -> Process(generate_time 0.) )
let lift f (Obs (o)) = Obs (fun t -> liftP f (o t))
let lift2 f (Obs(o1)) (Obs(o2)) = Obs(fun t -> liftP2 f (o1 t) (o2 t) )
let eq_obs a b = a = b
let at (t:float) = lift2 (fun x y -> eq_obs x y) date (konst t)
let zcb t x k = when' (at t) (scaleK x (One k)) //Zero Coupon Bond
let european t u = when' (at t) (Or(u,Zero))
let (%>=) a b = lift2 (>=) a b
let (%<=) a b = lift2 (<=) a b
let between t1 t2 = lift2 (&&) (date %>= t1) (date %<= t2)
let american (t1, t2) u = anytime (between t1 t2) u
let oneBuck = One USD;;
let hundredBucks = Scale((konst 100.),oneBuck);;
let add_obs = liftP2 (+)
let (%+) = liftP2 (+)
let minus_obs = liftP2 (-)
let (%-) = liftP2 (-)
let mult_obs = liftP2 (*)
let (%*) = liftP2 (*)
let div_obs = liftP2 (/)
let (%/) = liftP2 (/)
let (~-) = liftP (~-)
let max = liftP2 max
let cond = liftP3 (fun b tru fal -> if b then tru else fal)
type Model =
abstract exch : (Currency -> Currency -> Process<float>)
abstract disc : (Currency -> Process<bool>*Process<float> -> Process<float>)
abstract snell : (Currency -> Process<bool>*Process<float> -> Process<float>)
abstract absorb: (Currency -> Process<bool>*Process<float> -> Process<float>)
let evalO (Obs(o)) = o 0.
let ff = evalO TempInParis
let rec evalC (m:Model) (cur:Currency) (c:Contract) =
let evalC' = evalC m cur
match c with
| Zero -> K 0.
| One(cur2) -> m.exch cur cur2
| Give(c1) -> -(evalC' c1)
| Scale(o,c1) -> mult_obs (evalO o) (evalC' c1)
| And(c2,c1) -> add_obs (evalC' c1) (evalC' c2)
| Or(c2,c1) -> max (evalC' c1) (evalC' c2)
| Cond(o,c1,c2) -> cond (evalO o) (evalC' c1) (evalC' c2)
| When(o,c1) -> m.disc cur ((evalO o), (evalC' c1))
| Anytime(o,c1) -> m.snell cur ((evalO o), (evalC' c1))
| Until(o,c1) -> m.absorb cur ((evalO o), (evalC' c1))
let rates (rateNow:float) (delta:float) =
let rec generateSlice minRate n =
seq { yield minRate + 2.*delta*float(n); yield! generateSlice minRate (n+1) }
let rateSlice minRate n = Seq.take n (generateSlice minRate 0)
let rec makeRateSlices rateNow n =
seq {
yield (rateSlice rateNow n) ;
yield! (makeRateSlices (rateNow-delta) (n+1))}
Process(makeRateSlices rateNow 1)
open System.Collections.Generic
let rateModels = new Dictionary<Currency,Process<float>>()
Seq.iter (fun x -> rateModels.Add x) [
USD, rates 7. 1.;
EUR, rates 6. 1.;
JPY, rates 8. 1.;
GBP, rates 5. 1.;
]
let rateModel k =
match rateModels.TryGetValue(k) with
| true, p -> p
| _ , _ -> failwith "invalid currency"
let unProc (Process(s)) = s
let rec prevSlice (r:seq<float>) =
seq {
if not (Seq.isEmpty r) then
let rest = Seq.skip 1 r
if not (Seq.isEmpty rest) then
let a = Seq.head r
let b = Seq.head rest
yield ((a + b)/2.)
yield! prevSlice rest
}
let rec discCalc (pb:seq<RandomVariable<bool>>) (pf:seq<RandomVariable<float>>)
(rates:seq<RandomVariable<float>>) =
seq{
if not(Seq.isEmpty pb || Seq.isEmpty pf || Seq.isEmpty rates) then
let bRv = Seq.head pb
let pRv = Seq.head pf
//-- we need a termination condition or as much as it is needed to ensure a level of certainty
if Seq.forall (fun x -> x) (Seq.truncate 10 bRv)
then
yield pRv
else
let rateRv = Seq.head rates
let bs = Seq.skip 1 pb
let ps = Seq.skip 1 pf
let rs = Seq.skip 1 rates
let rest = discCalc bs ps rs;
if not(Seq.isEmpty rest) then
let nextSlice = Seq.head rest
let discSlice =
Seq.map2 (fun x r -> x / (1. + (r/100.))) (prevSlice nextSlice) rateRv
let thisSlice =
seq_map3 (fun b p q -> if b then p else q) bRv pRv discSlice
yield thisSlice; yield! rest
}
let disc k (Process(pb),Process(pf)) =
Process(discCalc pb pf (unProc(rateModel k)))
let model = {
new Model with
member m.exch = fun cur1 cur2 -> K 1.
member m.disc = disc
member m.snell = fun cur1 (pb,pf) -> K 0.5//--
member m.absorb =
fun k (Process(bO),Process(rvs)) ->
Process(Seq.map2 (Seq.map2 (fun o p -> if o then 0. else p)) bO rvs)
}
let GiltStrip = zcb 3.0 10. GBP
let q = evalC model GBP GiltStrip
printf "%A\n" q
printf "%A\n" (evalO (at 3.0))
printf "%A\n" (evalO (date))
printf "%A\n" (rateModel GBP)
|
Multiple items
val seq : sequence:seq<'T> -> seq<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.seq
--------------------
type seq<'T> = System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.seq<_>
Multiple items
union case Process.Process: seq<RandomVariable<'a>> -> Process<'a>
--------------------
type Process<'a> = | Process of seq<RandomVariable<'a>>
Full name: Script.Process<_>
type RandomVariable<'a> = seq<'a>
Full name: Script.RandomVariable<_>
val liftP : f:('a -> 'b) -> Process<'a> -> Process<'b>
Full name: Script.liftP
val f : ('a -> 'b)
val p : seq<RandomVariable<'a>>
module Seq
from Microsoft.FSharp.Collections
val map : mapping:('T -> 'U) -> source:seq<'T> -> seq<'U>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.map
val liftP2 : f:('a -> 'b -> 'c) -> Process<'a> -> Process<'b> -> Process<'c>
Full name: Script.liftP2
val f : ('a -> 'b -> 'c)
val p1 : seq<RandomVariable<'a>>
val p2 : seq<RandomVariable<'b>>
val map2 : mapping:('T1 -> 'T2 -> 'U) -> source1:seq<'T1> -> source2:seq<'T2> -> seq<'U>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.map2
val seq_map3 : f:('a -> 'b -> 'c -> 'd) -> xs1:seq<'a> -> xs2:seq<'b> -> xs3:seq<'c> -> seq<'d>
Full name: Script.seq_map3
val f : ('a -> 'b -> 'c -> 'd)
val xs1 : seq<'a>
val xs2 : seq<'b>
val xs3 : seq<'c>
val zip3 : source1:seq<'T1> -> source2:seq<'T2> -> source3:seq<'T3> -> seq<'T1 * 'T2 * 'T3>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.zip3
val a : 'a
val b : 'b
val c : 'c
val liftP3 : f:('a -> 'b -> 'c -> 'd) -> Process<'a> -> Process<'b> -> Process<'c> -> Process<'d>
Full name: Script.liftP3
val p3 : seq<RandomVariable<'c>>
Multiple items
union case Obs.Obs: (float -> Process<'a>) -> Obs<'a>
--------------------
type Obs<'a (requires comparison)> = | Obs of (float -> Process<'a>)
Full name: Script.Obs<_>
Multiple items
val float : value:'T -> float (requires member op_Explicit)
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.float
--------------------
type float = System.Double
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.float
--------------------
type float<'Measure> = float
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.float<_>
type Currency =
| USD
| EUR
| JPY
| GBP
Full name: Script.Currency
union case Currency.USD: Currency
union case Currency.EUR: Currency
union case Currency.JPY: Currency
union case Currency.GBP: Currency
type Contract =
| Zero
| One of Currency
| Give of Contract
| And of Contract * Contract
| Or of Contract * Contract
| Scale of Obs<float> * Contract
| Anytime of Obs<bool> * Contract
| Cond of Obs<bool> * Contract * Contract
| When of Obs<bool> * Contract
| Until of Obs<bool> * Contract
Full name: Script.Contract
union case Contract.Zero: Contract
union case Contract.One: Currency -> Contract
union case Contract.Give: Contract -> Contract
union case Contract.And: Contract * Contract -> Contract
union case Contract.Or: Contract * Contract -> Contract
union case Contract.Scale: Obs<float> * Contract -> Contract
union case Contract.Anytime: Obs<bool> * Contract -> Contract
type bool = System.Boolean
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.bool
union case Contract.Cond: Obs<bool> * Contract * Contract -> Contract
union case Contract.When: Obs<bool> * Contract -> Contract
union case Contract.Until: Obs<bool> * Contract -> Contract
val when' : o:Obs<bool> -> c:Contract -> Contract
Full name: Script.when'
val o : Obs<bool>
val c : Contract
val anytime : o:Obs<bool> -> c:Contract -> Contract
Full name: Script.anytime
val always : x:'a -> seq<'a>
Full name: Script.always
val x : 'a
val K : x:'a -> Process<'a>
Full name: Script.K
val konst : a:'a -> Obs<'a> (requires comparison)
Full name: Script.konst
val a : 'a (requires comparison)
val t : float
val scaleK : x:float -> c:Contract -> Contract
Full name: Script.scaleK
val x : float
val TempInParis : Obs<float>
Full name: Script.TempInParis
val generate_time : t:float -> seq<seq<float>>
Full name: Script.generate_time
val date : Obs<float>
Full name: Script.date
val lift : f:('a -> 'b) -> Obs<'a> -> Obs<'b> (requires comparison and comparison)
Full name: Script.lift
val f : ('a -> 'b) (requires comparison and comparison)
val o : (float -> Process<'a>) (requires comparison)
val lift2 : f:('a -> 'b -> 'c) -> Obs<'a> -> Obs<'b> -> Obs<'c> (requires comparison and comparison and comparison)
Full name: Script.lift2
val f : ('a -> 'b -> 'c) (requires comparison and comparison and comparison)
val o1 : (float -> Process<'a>) (requires comparison)
val o2 : (float -> Process<'b>) (requires comparison)
val eq_obs : a:'a -> b:'a -> bool (requires equality)
Full name: Script.eq_obs
val a : 'a (requires equality)
val b : 'a (requires equality)
val at : t:float -> Obs<bool>
Full name: Script.at
val y : float
val zcb : t:float -> x:float -> k:Currency -> Contract
Full name: Script.zcb
val k : Currency
val european : t:float -> u:Contract -> Contract
Full name: Script.european
val u : Contract
val a : Obs<'a> (requires comparison)
val b : Obs<'a> (requires comparison)
val between : t1:Obs<float> -> t2:Obs<float> -> Obs<bool>
Full name: Script.between
val t1 : Obs<float>
val t2 : Obs<float>
val american : t1:Obs<float> * t2:Obs<float> -> u:Contract -> Contract
Full name: Script.american
val oneBuck : Contract
Full name: Script.oneBuck
val hundredBucks : Contract
Full name: Script.hundredBucks
val add_obs : (Process<float> -> Process<float> -> Process<float>)
Full name: Script.add_obs
val minus_obs : (Process<int> -> Process<int> -> Process<int>)
Full name: Script.minus_obs
val mult_obs : (Process<float> -> Process<float> -> Process<float>)
Full name: Script.mult_obs
val div_obs : (Process<int> -> Process<int> -> Process<int>)
Full name: Script.div_obs
val max : (Process<float> -> Process<float> -> Process<float>)
Full name: Script.max
val cond : (Process<bool> -> Process<float> -> Process<float> -> Process<float>)
Full name: Script.cond
val b : bool
val tru : float
val fal : float
type Model =
interface
abstract member absorb : (Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>)
abstract member disc : (Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>)
abstract member exch : (Currency -> Currency -> Process<float>)
abstract member snell : (Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>)
end
Full name: Script.Model
abstract member Model.exch : (Currency -> Currency -> Process<float>)
Full name: Script.Model.exch
abstract member Model.disc : (Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>)
Full name: Script.Model.disc
abstract member Model.snell : (Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>)
Full name: Script.Model.snell
abstract member Model.absorb : (Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>)
Full name: Script.Model.absorb
val evalO : Obs<'a> -> Process<'a> (requires comparison)
Full name: Script.evalO
val ff : Process<float>
Full name: Script.ff
val evalC : m:Model -> cur:Currency -> c:Contract -> Process<float>
Full name: Script.evalC
val m : Model
val cur : Currency
val evalC' : (Contract -> Process<float>)
val cur2 : Currency
property Model.exch: Currency -> Currency -> Process<float>
val c1 : Contract
val o : Obs<float>
val c2 : Contract
property Model.disc: Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>
property Model.snell: Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>
property Model.absorb: Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>
val rates : rateNow:float -> delta:float -> Process<float>
Full name: Script.rates
val rateNow : float
val delta : float
val generateSlice : (float -> int -> seq<float>)
val minRate : float
val n : int
val rateSlice : (float -> int -> seq<float>)
val take : count:int -> source:seq<'T> -> seq<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.take
val makeRateSlices : (float -> int -> seq<seq<float>>)
namespace System
namespace System.Collections
namespace System.Collections.Generic
val rateModels : Dictionary<Currency,Process<float>>
Full name: Script.rateModels
Multiple items
type Dictionary<'TKey,'TValue> =
new : unit -> Dictionary<'TKey, 'TValue> + 5 overloads
member Add : key:'TKey * value:'TValue -> unit
member Clear : unit -> unit
member Comparer : IEqualityComparer<'TKey>
member ContainsKey : key:'TKey -> bool
member ContainsValue : value:'TValue -> bool
member Count : int
member GetEnumerator : unit -> Enumerator<'TKey, 'TValue>
member GetObjectData : info:SerializationInfo * context:StreamingContext -> unit
member Item : 'TKey -> 'TValue with get, set
...
nested type Enumerator
nested type KeyCollection
nested type ValueCollection
Full name: System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<_,_>
--------------------
Dictionary() : unit
Dictionary(capacity: int) : unit
Dictionary(comparer: IEqualityComparer<'TKey>) : unit
Dictionary(dictionary: IDictionary<'TKey,'TValue>) : unit
Dictionary(capacity: int, comparer: IEqualityComparer<'TKey>) : unit
Dictionary(dictionary: IDictionary<'TKey,'TValue>, comparer: IEqualityComparer<'TKey>) : unit
val iter : action:('T -> unit) -> source:seq<'T> -> unit
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.iter
val x : Currency * Process<float>
Dictionary.Add(key: Currency, value: Process<float>) : unit
val rateModel : k:Currency -> Process<float>
Full name: Script.rateModel
Dictionary.TryGetValue(key: Currency, value: byref<Process<float>>) : bool
val p : Process<float>
val failwith : message:string -> 'T
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.failwith
val unProc : Process<'a> -> seq<RandomVariable<'a>>
Full name: Script.unProc
val s : seq<RandomVariable<'a>>
val prevSlice : r:seq<float> -> seq<float>
Full name: Script.prevSlice
val r : seq<float>
Multiple items
val seq : sequence:seq<'T> -> seq<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.seq
--------------------
type seq<'T> = IEnumerable<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.seq<_>
val not : value:bool -> bool
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.not
val isEmpty : source:seq<'T> -> bool
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.isEmpty
val rest : seq<float>
val skip : count:int -> source:seq<'T> -> seq<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.skip
val a : float
val head : source:seq<'T> -> 'T
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.head
val b : float
val discCalc : pb:seq<RandomVariable<bool>> -> pf:seq<RandomVariable<float>> -> rates:seq<RandomVariable<float>> -> seq<RandomVariable<float>>
Full name: Script.discCalc
val pb : seq<RandomVariable<bool>>
val pf : seq<RandomVariable<float>>
val rates : seq<RandomVariable<float>>
val bRv : RandomVariable<bool>
val pRv : RandomVariable<float>
val forall : predicate:('T -> bool) -> source:seq<'T> -> bool
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.forall
val x : bool
val truncate : count:int -> source:seq<'T> -> seq<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.truncate
val rateRv : RandomVariable<float>
val bs : seq<RandomVariable<bool>>
val ps : seq<RandomVariable<float>>
val rs : seq<RandomVariable<float>>
val rest : seq<RandomVariable<float>>
val nextSlice : RandomVariable<float>
val discSlice : seq<float>
val r : float
val thisSlice : seq<float>
val p : float
val q : float
val disc : k:Currency -> Process<bool> * Process<float> -> Process<float>
Full name: Script.disc
val model : Model
Full name: Script.model
val cur1 : Currency
val pb : Process<bool>
val pf : Process<float>
val bO : seq<RandomVariable<bool>>
val rvs : seq<RandomVariable<float>>
val o : bool
val GiltStrip : Contract
Full name: Script.GiltStrip
val q : Process<float>
Full name: Script.q
val printf : format:Printf.TextWriterFormat<'T> -> 'T
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Core.ExtraTopLevelOperators.printf
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