// [snippet: Miller-Rabin primality test]
open System.Numerics

///This implementation is based on the Miller-Rabin Haskell implementation 
///from http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Testing_primality
let pow' mul sq x' n' = 
    let rec f x n y = 
        if n = 1I then
            mul x y
        else
            let (q,r) = BigInteger.DivRem(n, 2I)
            let x2 = sq x
            if r = 0I then
                f x2 q y
            else
                f x2 q (mul x y)
    f x' n' 1I
        
let mulMod (a :bigint) b c = (b * c) % a
let squareMod (a :bigint) b = (b * b) % a
let powMod m = pow' (mulMod m) (squareMod m)
let iterate f = Seq.unfold(fun x -> let fx = f x in Some(x,fx))

///See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Rabin_primality_test
let millerRabinPrimality n a =
    let find2km n = 
        let rec f k m = 
            let (q,r) = BigInteger.DivRem(m, 2I)
            if r = 1I then
                (k,m)
            else
                f (k+1I) q
        f 0I n
    let n' = n - 1I
    let iter = Seq.tryPick(fun x -> if x = 1I then Some(false) elif x = n' then Some(true) else None)
    let (k,m) = find2km n'
    let b0 = powMod n a m

    match (a,n) with
        | _ when a <= 1I && a >= n' -> 
            failwith (sprintf "millerRabinPrimality: a out of range (%A for %A)" a n)
        | _ when b0 = 1I || b0 = n' -> true
        | _  -> b0 
                 |> iterate (squareMod n) 
                 |> Seq.take(int k)
                 |> Seq.skip 1 
                 |> iter 
                 |> Option.exists id 

///For Miller-Rabin the witnesses need to be selected at random from the interval [2, n - 2]. 
///More witnesses => better accuracy of the test.
///Also, remember that if Miller-Rabin returns true, then the number is _probable_ prime. 
///If it returns false the number is composite.
let isPrimeW witnesses = function
    | n when n < 2I -> false
    | n when n = 2I -> true
    | n when n = 3I -> true
    | n when n % 2I = 0I -> false
    | n             -> witnesses |> Seq.forall(millerRabinPrimality n)
// [/snippet]
// [snippet: Example ]
let isPrime = isPrimeW [2I;3I] // Two witnesses
let p = pown 2I 4423 - 1I // 20th Mersenne prime. 1,332 digits
isPrime p |> printfn "%b"
// Real: 00:00:03.184, CPU: 00:00:03.104, GC gen0: 12, gen1: 0, gen2: 0
// val it : bool = true
// [/snippet]